Eyelid pathologies are just one of the many groups of pathologies that veterinary ophthalmology deals with.

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Dystichias and ectopic eyelashes are congenital abnormalities of eyelash growth in which hair follicles form in atypical locations on the eyelids. These conditions can be inherited, and clinical manifestations usually appear before the age of 1.5 years.

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Stomach upset in dogs: what should owners know?

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Common causes of injuries with broken bones are auto trauma, active play with other animals, fights, gunshot wounds, in cats it is catotrauma (falling into heights)

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Cauda equina syndrome is a group of pathologies that affect the nerves in the lumbosacral spine, causing pain, movement disorders, and neurological disorders. It is most common in large breeds of dogs

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Medial patella dislocation (MPD) is a common orthopedic condition in which the kneecap is displaced to the inside of the joint. It is most common in small breeds, but can affect large dogs as well

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Femoral head and neck osteotomy (FHN) is a surgical intervention to eliminate pain and improve hip joint mobility in dogs. It is most commonly used in cases of severe pathologies when conservative treatment fails

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Hemangiopericytoma is a soft tissue tumor that arises from pericytes, the cells that surround capillaries and small blood vessels. It is considered a type of peripheral nerve tumor or mesenchymal neoplasm.

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Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant tumor of the vascular endothelium with a high degree of invasion and metastasis. It is especially common in dogs and less common in cats.

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An insulinoma is a tumor of the pancreas that secretes excessive amounts of insulin, which leads to hypoglycemia

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Lymphoma is a malignant tumor originating from the lymphatic tissue. It can occur in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, gastrointestinal tract, skin, central nervous system, and other organs

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Cutaneous lymphoma is a rare but clinically significant form of malignant lymphoproliferative disease in small animals. It can be primary (arising in the skin) or secondary (metastasis from systemic lymphoma).

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Mammary gland tumors in cats and dogs are among the most common tumors in small pets, especially in uncastrated females. They can be either benign or malignant. An important component of successful treatment is early detection and proper management of the patient

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Mastocytoma is a tumor that arises from mast cells, which are part of the immune system. It is one of the most common skin tumors in dogs and is less common in cats. Prognosis and treatment strongly depend on the type, location, and degree of malignancy of the tumor.

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Periodontal disease is a non-communicable disease associated with impaired blood supply and bone atrophy, and is usually not accompanied by inflammation.

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Lupoid onychodystrophy (LO) is a rare autoimmune disease that affects the nails of dogs. It causes nail bed degeneration, pain and discomfort. LO is most common in middle-aged dogs, regardless of breed

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